The equity dimension in evaluations of the quality and outcomes framework: A systematic review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pay-for-performance systems raise concerns regarding inequity in health care because providers might select patients for whom targets can easily be reached. This paper aims to describe the evolution of pre-existing (in)equity in health care in the period after the introduction of the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) in the UK and to describe (in)equities in exception reporting. In this evaluation, a theory-based framework conceptualising equity in terms of equal access, equal treatment and equal treatment outcomes for people in equal need is used to guide the work.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A systematic MEDLINE and Econlit search identified 317 studies. Of these, 290 were excluded because they were not related to the evaluation of QOF, they lacked an equity dimension in the evaluation, their qualitative research focused on experiences or on the nature of the consultation, or unsuitable methodology was used to pronounce upon equity after the introduction of QOF.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>None of the publications (n = 27) assessed equity in access to health care. Concerning equity in treatment and (intermediate) treatment outcomes, overall quality scores generally improved. For the majority of the observed indicators, all citizens benefit from this improvement, yet the extent to which different patient groups benefit tends to vary and to be highly dependent on the type and complexity of the indicator(s) under study, the observed patient group(s) and the characteristics of the study. In general, the introduction of QOF was favourable for the aged and for males. Total QOF scores did not seem to vary according to ethnicity. For deprivation, small but significant residual differences were observed after the introduction of QOF favouring less deprived groups. These differences are mainly due to differences at the practice level. The variance in exception reporting according to gender and socio-economic position is low.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Although QOF seems not to be socially selective at first glance, this does not mean QOF does not contribute to the inverse care law. Introducing different targets for specific patient groups and including appropriate, non-disease specific and patient-centred indicators that grasp the complexity of primary care might refine the equity dimension of the evaluation of QOF. Also, information on the actual uptake of care, information at the patient level and monitoring of individuals' health care utilisation tracks could make large contributions to an in-depth evaluation. Finally, evaluating pay-for-quality initiatives in a broader health systems impact assessment strategy with equity as a full assessment criterion is of utmost importance.</p

Maltrato en la formación médica: situación en las residencias de cardiología

Background: Mistreatment is defined as the behavior that makes another person feel hurt, undervalued or incompetent. A certain level of intimidation and humiliation during training was considered necessary to prepare the doctor for a difficult profession. The conditions in which medical residences and professional practice are developed today generate a high prevalence of burnout. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the perception that Cardiology residents have on the mistreatment received and if they acknowledge having incurred in any aggravating behavior. Methods: A survey was conducted in residents attending the Biannual Cardiology Course of the Argentine Society of Cardiology. Results: A total of 183 residents responded the survey and all of them (100%) reported some type of mistreatment. Being humiliated for making a mistake and shouted at were the most frequently mentioned forms of mistreatment from a senior resident, a patient or their relatives. Almost half of the residents (46%) said they had been mistreated by the nursing staff. while 33.5% acknowledged having incurred in aggravating situations directed against another resident, a staff doctor and/ or another specialty physician. Discussion: The results are similar to other studies already published. For the safety of patients and the health of physicians, it is recommended to include strategies for coping with stress and it is considered essential to promote cultural changes within academic and care institutions aimed at creating more democratic and healthier working environments.Introducción: El maltrato se define como el comportamiento que hace que otra persona se sienta herida, desvalorizada o incompetente. Un cierto nivel de intimidación y humillación durante la formación se consideraba necesario para preparar al médico para una profesión difícil. Las condiciones en las que hoy se desarrollan las residencias médicas y la práctica profesional generan una alta prevalencia de burnout (agotamiento). Objetivo: Indagar la percepción que tienen los residentes de Cardiología sobre maltrato recibido y si reconocen haber incurrido en alguna conducta agraviante. Material y Métodos: Encuesta aplicada a residentes que asisten al Curso Bianual de Cardiología de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología Resultados:Respondieron 183 residentes. El 100% dijo haber recibido algún tipo de maltrato. Ser humillado por un error cometido y los gritos, son las formas de maltrato mencionadas con mayor frecuencia; un residente superior, un paciente y/o sus familiares fueron señalados como los responsables de las agresiones recibidas. Casi la mitad de residentes (46%) dijeron haber sido maltratados por el personal de enfermería. El 33,5% reconoció haber incurrido en situaciones de maltrato y que éste estuvo dirigido a otro residente, a un médico de planta y/o un médico de otra especialidad. Discusión: Los resultados son similares a otros estudios ya publicados. Por la seguridad de los pacientes y por la salud de los médicos se recomienda incluir en la formación profesional las estrategias para el afrontamiento del estrés y se considera indispensable promover un cambio cultural dentro de las instituciones académicas y asistenciales orientado a crear espacios de trabajo más democráticos y más saludables

2010-2017 Evaluation and Accreditation of Cardiology Residencies

Introducción: El Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación implementa un Sistema Nacional de Acreditación de Residencias del Equipo de Salud. La Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología (SAC) participa como entidad evaluadora de los programasde residencias médicas en cardiología.Objetivo: El propósito del presente trabajo es presentar los resultados del proceso de evaluación y acreditación de residencias de Cardiología.Material y métodos: Revisión documental de los informes elevados por los pares evaluadores designados por la SAC y de los dictámenes del Ministerio publicados en el Boletín Oficial entre 2010 y 2017.Resultados: Se revisaron 37 informes elaborados por los pares evaluadores, se identificaron fortalezas y debilidades. Fortaleza destacada: supervisión continua recibida por los residentes. Debilidad: escaso tiempo dedicado a la atención de pacientes ambulatorios. Se revisaron 28 dictámenes del Ministerio, se analizaron las recomendaciones más frecuentes: incorporación de contenidos transversales, regulación de la cantidad de guardias, de su duración y de la organización del descanso posguardia.Conclusiones: Si bien a primera vista parece que ambas instituciones tienen distintos criterios a la hora de acreditar unprograma de formación en servicio, en realidad, se trata de miradas complementarias que coinciden en los siguientes aspectos:importancia de la supervisión, necesidad de sistematizar la evaluación del desempeño de los residentes y necesidad deincrementar la producción de trabajos científicos y la participación de los residentes en aquellos. También se encontró un alto grado de coincidencia entre la sugerencia de la SAC y el dictamen del Ministerio en relación con la categoría y los años de acreditación que merecía cada programa evaluado.Background: The National Ministry of Health and Social Development implements a National System of Accreditation ofHealth Team Residencies. The Argentine Society of Cardiology (SAC) participates as an evaluation entity of the medicalresidency programs in cardiology.Objective: The purpose of this study is to present the results of the evaluation process and accreditation of cardiology residencies.Methods: This was a documentary review of the reports submitted by the peer reviewers appointed by SAC and the opinionsof the Ministry of Health in the Official Gazette between 2010 and 2017.Results: Thirty-seven reports prepared by peer reviewers were analyzed and strengths and weaknesses were identified. Outstandingstrength: continuous supervision received by residents. Weakness: time spent on outpatient care. Twenty-eight Ministryof Health opinions were reviewed and the most frequent recommendations were analyzed: incorporation of transversalcontents; regulation of number of on-call duties, their duration and the organization of the rest period after on-call shifts.Conclusions: Although both institutions seem initially to have different criteria when accrediting a health service trainingprogram, in reality, they have complementary views which coincide in the following aspects: importance of supervision; needto systematize the evaluation of residents’ performance; and need to increase the number of scientific works with residentparticipation. A high degree of coincidence was also obtained between SAC’s suggestion and the opinion of the Ministry ofHealth, in relation to the category and years of accreditation that each evaluated program deserved